A Priori Journal

The critical philosophy of Kant

The founder of German classical philosophy was Immanuel By ant – professor of Königsberg University, taught logic, physics, mathematics, philosophy.

All art I. Kant can be divided into two large periods so: «dokri measure» and the «critical». In «subcritical» period I. Kant stood on the positions of science materialism. At the heart of his interests were the problems of cosmology, mechanics, anthropology and physical geography. Influenced by Newton I. Kant has formed his views on the cosmos, the world as a whole.

In the «critical» period I. Kant took the problem of knowledge, ethics, Este-making, logic, social philosophy. During this period, there were three basic philosophical works: «Critique of pure reason», «Criticism of Practical Reason civil», «Criticism of ability judgments».

I. Kant’s theory of development based on the cosmological hypothesis, according to which Earth and other planets have emerged naturally from the primary nebula. Nature is in constant change and development. Movement and rest relative. All life on Earth, including the people – the result of natural biological evolution cal. At the same time, Kant recognized the initial of God, leading a force of nature.
In the theory of cognition I. Kant defends the idea of agnosticism. Razum human faces irresolvable contradictions that I. Kant called antinomy. For example, the antinomy: World finite – infinite world.
The process of learning by I. Kant, passes three stages: sensual pozna-tion, intellect, mind. Through the sensitivity we have to take, but by means of reason, it is conceived. Cognition is only possible as a result of their synthesis. Tools rassudochnogo learning categories. Scientific knowledge is knowledge of categorization. I. Kant identifies twelve categories, and divides them into four classes: quantity, quality, relation, modality. For example: in the class included the number of categories – unity, a lot, wholeness.

I. Kant classifies itself as a result of knowledge of cognitive activity: a posteriori knowledge a priori knowledge, «thing in itself».
Ethical views of I. Kant reflected in his remark: «Two things filled soul always apply to new and increasingly powerful surprise, fear, more often and longer than we think about them – this is the starry sky above me and the moral law within me». Moral duty to I. Kant formulated in the form of moral law (categorical imperative): «Thus, if the maxim of thy will may become a universal principle of law».
In the center of an aesthetic exercise is a study of categories «pre-red» and «sublime», as well as the problem of «genius» – painter. Originals of the kantovskogo understanding of beauty is that the philosopher, connects it with the «uninterested», selfless, pure contemplation: a sense of wonderful freedom from thirst possession, any thoughts of Chiefs-nance, and so it is above all other feelings. Embodiment of spirit is an aesthetic artist who creates his own world freely.
Socio – political views of I. Kant based on the following on-stulatah. Man was originally endowed with an evil nature. Man – in the moral upbringing and hard following the moral law.

I. Kant put forward the idea of democracy and legal order in each of the separate societies, and in international relations, condemned the war as the most difficult and confusing crime of humanity. Philosopher predska room in the future «eternal world». Wars will be either banned the government, or will be economically disadvantageous.