A Priori Journal

Materialism and idealism

World Vision – is a system of views on the objective world and the place of human rights in relation to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as established on the basis of these views beliefs, ideals, principles and knowledge of values.

World Vision – is the foundation of human consciousness. The knowledge gained, the prevailing beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, connecting in outlook, represent a system of understanding the world and man himself. In real life, world outlook in the minds of people is a certain outlook, views on the world and their place in it.

Mythological world – whether in ancient times and today it is true, we call such a worldview, which is not based on theoretical arguments and discussions, either in the Fine Arts – an emotional experience of the world, or at the public illusions born poor perception of large groups of people ( classes, nations) of social processes and their role in them. One of the features of the myth, unmistakably distinguishes it from science, is that the myth explains the «all», as it is not unknown and the unknown. It is the earliest and, for the modern mind – archaic, form of ideology.

Close to the mythological, though different from it was a philosophy that evolved from the depths have not yet been dismembered, no differentiation of social consciousness. As in mythology, religion appeals to the imagination and feelings. However, unlike the myth, religion «mixes» earthly and sacred, and profound and irreversible manner breeds them at two opposite poles. Creative almighty force – God – is above and beyond the nature of nature. Being a man of God experienced a revelation. As a revelation, a man given to know that his soul is immortal, the coffin is waiting for his eternal life, and meet with God.

2. What is the subject of philosophy as a science?

Philosophy – did not have the same subject such as science, in the sense that the object of philosophy is not located within a particular field of knowledge such as biology, chemistry, mathematics … However, the subject of the philosophy is, and in principle impossible to give him the localization of its specific characteristics. This is an area of spiritual activities of man, which lies in the reflection on the activity itself, and thus over its meaning, purpose, and forms and, ultimately, to identify the essence of the individual as the subject of culture, it is essential to the world of man.

Philosophy – it is not just a scientific discipline, but also a specific type of thinking and even a kind of emotional, philosophical mood, the philosophical senses. Philosophy is not exploring the objects, not empirical reality, but how that reality «live» in the public consciousness, it examines the meaning of reality for the society and people.

The main object of philosophy – it is a philosophical reflection. This means that philosophy sees the world through the prism of a subject – object relationship, ie the attitude of people towards peace, the society to other people.

The philosophy has always built a system of values of peace, thus shows the original foundation of human activity. Philosophy unlike any other science, starts with a man. To attempt to answer the question – what is man? What is the world for him, what can and want to achieve in this world, man. Is there a way of life is good, the other – bad or it does not matter how we live. Is there something that we call wisdom, or what we think so, just a blank madness. These questions are part of our life-world. That is why we study philosophy.

3. What is the essence of materialism, idealism?

Idealism – one of the major trends in philosophy, based on the primacy of the spiritual, thinking, mental and recycled material, natural, physical. I. arose more than 2.5 thousand years ago, but as a philosophical doctrine, the decision based primarily question of philosophy opposing materialism, appears to this day. Idealism is a philosophical theory, extensive form of thinking, which is induced by a deep base. The main source of cognitive idealism – animation primitive objective world (anthropomorphism, gilozoizm, animism, etc.), the perception of events, similar to the consciousness and the will due to human activities. In the future, with increasing degree of abstract thought, epistemological roots of idealism provide general detachment from the unit, the essence of the phenomenon, a prerequisite of which is rooted in the very nature of thinking on a theoretical level.

Materialism – this is the direction in philosophy, the opposite idealism, when resolving the question of the relation of thinking and Being materialism assumes that the matter is primary in relation to consciousness, there are outside and independent of consciousness.

Materialism and idealism – it is opposite to each other philosophical outlooks. All that argues materialism, idealism is denied, and vice versa. Not surprisingly, the philosophy is often heard the question – whether as something to reconcile these two extremes, to find some middle, the compromise solution. Remember materialism declares the root of the matter of peace and idealism – Consciousness. And there can not be argued that matter and mind are both two equally original, that the universe is like a dual nature – one of his material, and the other is ideal?

1. What defines the type of historical philosophizing? What kind of philosophizing, you know?

In different historical epochs philosophy highlights the one or the other, is any solution of the problem.

The historical type of philosophizing determined attitude of the person to the world at some point, the historical development of society, as well as answers to the problems of philosophy of science.

The following types of historical philosophizing:

Kosmotsentrizm – an explanation of the world, the phenomena of nature through the power, powerful, infinite external forces – the cosmos and of all that exists is dependent on space and space cycles (Ancient India, Dr. China, the East, Dr.. Greece).

Teotsentrizm – an explanation of all things, through the rule of inexplicable, supernatural forces – God (Medieval Europe)

Anthropocentrism – the center of this type of philosophizing is the problem of man (Renaissance Europe, a new and modern time, modern philosophical schools).

2. What is kosmotsentrizm Antiquity, teotsentrizm Medieval, Renaissance anthropocentrism?

Sources:

During the VI-IV vv. BC Greece was rapid flourishing of culture and philosophy during this period were created nemificheskoe new outlook, a new picture of the world, which has become a central element of teaching space. Cosmos covers the earth, human hosts of heaven and the firmament. It is closed, has a spherical shape and its steady circulation – all there is, flowing and changing. What occurs, what is returned, no one knows. Some Greek philosophers believed that the basis of things is perceived sensual elements of oxygen, light, water, land, and some substance – apeyron others (Pythagoreans) saw it in mathematical atoms, and the third (eleaty) saw the foundation of peace in a single, invisible existence, a quarter believe such a basis (Democritus), indivisible atoms, the fifth (the school of Plato) – Earth, only a shadow, the result of translating the kingdom of pure thought. Of course, all these philosophical lines were in many ways naïve and contradictory to each other. Not breaking even until the end of the mythology, they look to the gods, superhuman forces secondary or even tertiary position, trying to learn the world of himself. At first Greek philosophers did not understand that the basic question of philosophy can have different meanings, but in the V century. BC (Plato, Democritus) clearly indicated the two opposing lines, the fight between which passes through the entire future history of philosophy.

Teotsentrizm the Middle Ages. Man – this is only a sinful creature, obliged all its temporary earthly life to prove a right to eternal life, but not materially, but spiritually. Therefore, a person must be to tackle its own material nature, which is the source of sin. All the same thoughts he should devote only one – love of God, for it is God is the center and purpose of every thought and action.

Renaissance anthropocentrism – human, the problem becomes the center of the identity and purpose of all learning, thinking in general.

3. Philosophers of Antiquity What do you know? What are the similarities and the difference between their teachings?

Ancient philosophy put forward a number of fundamental ideas and issues that are relevant to the present day.

1.) Problems of beginning of all things, existence, nonexistence, the problem of matter and its forms. Proposals in principle opposed to the idea of «form» and «matter», the main elements, the element of space, and the identity of the opposites of life and non-existence, and its yield being controversial. The main problems: how there was Cosmos? What is its structure? (Falesa, Zenon, Democritus).

2.) Problems of man, his knowledge, his relationships with other people. What is the essence of human morality, there is not dependent on the circumstances of morality? What is the policy of the state in relation to man? Is there an absolute truth whether it is achievable and the human mind. These questions were given different, often contradictory answers (Socrates, sophist: George influenza Antifont, Pirron, sixth, Epikur).

3.) Problems will and human freedom, to achieve happiness. Proposals for the nullity of Rights to the forces of nature, public events and at the same time the strength and power of his spirit in the quest for freedom, noble life, cognition, in which philosophers, above all, the happiness of a free man seen (Seneca, ???????, Aurelius, Titus Lucretia, Kar and etc..). Main issues – Epistemological and moral.

4.) Problems of human relations and of God, divine will, the structure of the God of Space. Proposals constructive ideas of space and the existence, structure of matter, the soul of society as interpenetrating each other and cause (dams, Filonov Alexandria and others.).

5.) Problems of synthesis of sensual excess, and sensual, the idea of synthetic formulations of basic philosophical problems of constructing metaphysical systems have recognized the two worlds – the world of ideas and fluid, agile world affairs. The problem of finding a rational method for these Worlds (Plato, Aristotle and their followers).

Of course, there are not any problems and ideas, and not all philosophers have their advocate.